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It follows from the second fact that the ball as it advances through the piece will bounce against the surface of the bore, causing a motion of rotation about some unknown axis this is another source of deviation. It follows from the first fact that the line of direction of the force exerted upon the ball by the powder does not generally pass through its centre of gravity, causing a tendency to revolve about an axis passing through that centre, which axis will not coincide with the axis of the bore or the tangent to the trajectory, thus forming one' source of deviation of the projectile from the theoretic trajectory. The centres of gravity and of figure of a lead or iron ball do not generally coincide, and the diameter of the ball of a smooth-bore is necessarily smaller than that of the bore of the piece. This is called a 'gaining twist.' It is now only used in small pistols, and has little if any advantage over the uniform twist. There is another kind of twist, in which the groove starts from the breech parallel to the axis of the bore, and gradually inclines from this line until it attains the required angle, where it remains constant. In this case the twist is said to be uniform. That length in the direction of the bore in which the spiral rifling would make one turn is called the 'twist,' the parts cut out of the surface of the bore are the 'grooves,' and the spaces between the grooves are the 'lands.' The grooves are as nearly parallel to each other as they can be made, and generally have a constant inclination to the axis of the bore.

He mentions breech-loading arms as in use in Europe at that time. The advantages of rifling were first discussed scientifically in 'New Principles of Gunnery' (1742), by Benjamin Robins, an English mathematician, who died in 1751. Some accounts name as the inventor Augustin Kutter of Nuremberg, who died in 1630. In 1563 a law of the Swiss canton of Bern prohibited the use of arms with spiral rifling in target shooting, on account of the discord which such arms produced among the competitors. The effect of spiral grooving was probably discovered accidentally, and the date of the discovery cannot be determined. The first rifles were made with their grooves parallel to the axis of the bore, and although no increased accuracy was given to the fire by such grooving in theory, yet in practice the firing was better, because the grooves allowed the windage to be diminished, and formed receptacles for the residuum of the firing, which in smooth-bores lodged on the surface of the bore, causing wild shooting after a few discharges. They are known to have been used in target firing at Leipsic in 1498. Rifles are supposed to have been invented in the latter part of the 15th century, by Gaspard ZГ¶llner of Vienna. reifeln or riffeln, to chamfer or groove), a term applied solely until within the past 25 years to small arms, the surfaces of whose bores are spirally grooved to increase the accuracy of their fire.

Rifle (Dan., Rifle or Riffel, a chamfer Ger.

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